2. Which systems of the body make up the cardiorespiratory system?
Heart, lungs, blood, and blood vessels.

3. Describe the functions of the two sides of the heart.
The right side (pulmonary side) sends blood to the lungs.
The left side (systemic side) sends blood throughout the body.

4. Why do highly fit individuals generally have low resting heart rates?
They have strong heart muscles which pump more blood with each beat; thus the hearts don’t have to pump as often, resulting in lower heart rates.

5. What is the function of the vascular system?
Distributes blood throughout the body and is composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

6. Describe the functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and
veins.

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart, branch into smaller arterioles. The arterioles become smaller, finally reaching the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. It is in the capillaries where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The capillaries are linked to the venules, which carry blood back towards the heart, and as they enlarge, they are called veins.

7. What is blood pressure?
The force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

8. What are acceptable ranges for systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Systolic: 100 to 140 mmHg
Diastolic: 70 to 90 mmHg

9. What are the main components of blood?
Red cells, white cells, platelets make up about 45% of blood volume. The remaining 55% is composed of watery fluid called plasma.

10. Why is having an efficient respiratory system important for cardiorespiratory fitness?
Exercise programs increase the depth of breathing and decrease the breathing rate, resulting in more efficient breathing. The body requires more oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal as exercise intensity increases.

11. What are the effects of aerobic training on the heart?
The heart becomes larger, stronger, and more efficient, reducing the number of beats per minute, and pumping more blood per beat. More capillaries are formed, facilitating the exchange of gases.

12. What are the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure?
When the person begins to exercise, the blood vessels in the muscles dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the working muscles. This causes a slight drop in blood pressure, which is detected by the pressure receptors and relayed to the brain, which in turn sends a signal to the heart to beat stronger and faster to deliver more blood. When the blood pressure becomes too high, the brain signals the heart to slow down.

13. What are the effects of aerobic training on blood?
It produces an increase in total blood volume with a proportional increase in the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin. It also increases the oxygen delivery to the muscle cells and removes waste products more efficiently.

14. What factors determine if an activity is “aerobic”
The oxygen supply is sufficient to meet the demands of the working muscle.

15. When does an activity become “anaerobic”?
If the intensity of the activity is high or if the time is so long that there is not enough oxygen to meet the energy needs.

16. Describe how the progression of atherosclerosis leads to a heart attack.
Fatty substances are deposited and the lining of the artery thickens. When the artery has been totally plugged up the blood can no longer travel through it and a heart attack can occur.

17. What is a stroke?
   Strokes occur when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked.

18. What are the uncontrollable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
   Heredity (including race)
   Age
   Gender

19. What are the controllable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
   Smoking
   High blood pressure
   Unhealthy cholesterol levels
   Lack of physical activity
   Obesity
   Diabetes

20. How can you control your blood lipid levels?
  1. Regular aerobic exercise
  2.Reducing body fat
  3.Quit smoking
  4.Reducing intake of dietary fat, saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol
  5.Increase dietary fiber
  6.Cutting down on refined sugars and alcohol
  7.Include antioxidants such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E in your diet

21. How does smoking affect the respiratory system?
The carbon monoxide produced by cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen carried by the red blood cells throughout the body.

22. How can uncontrolled stress increase your risk of heart disease?
• Overeating
• Increased smoking
• Raised heart rate
• Raised blood pressure
• Raised blood sugar levels
• Increased heart rate